Skip to main content
follow
#main-content
Federal Judicial Center
follow
/
Search tips
follow
/search-tips
Cases and Trends
follow
/content/356123/covid-19-data-and-trends-federal-judicial-districts
Vaccination Rates
follow
/content/360823/covid-19-vaccination-percentages-federal-judicial-districts
About the FJC
follow
/about
Statute
follow
/about/statute
The FJC and What It Does
follow
/about/fjc-and-what-it-does
Annual Reports
follow
/about/annual-reports
Board Members
follow
/content/321301/board-members
Senior Staff
follow
/about/senior-staff
Job Vacancies
follow
/about/job-vacancies
Contact Us
follow
/about/contact-us
Research About the Courts
follow
/research
Reports & Studies
follow
/research/reports-and-studies
Research Projects
follow
/research/selected-current-and-recently-completed-research-projects
Cardone Recommendation Study
follow
/content/348307/cardone-recommendation-study-overview
Materials About the Federal Rules
follow
/research/materials-about-the-federal-rules
Federal Court Cases: FJC Integrated Database (IDB) 1970 to Present
follow
/research/idb
Civil Justice Reform Act of 1990
follow
/research/civil-justice-reform-act
Overview
follow
/research/civil-justice-reform-act
Documents
follow
/research/cjra-development-and-implementation-documents
Publications
follow
/content/316666/cjra-judiciary-publications
Legislation
follow
/content/316648/cjra-text-legislation
Research: Special Topics
follow
/research/special-topics
1980 Hague Convention on International Child Abduction: A Resource for Judges
follow
/content/307023/overview-hague
Overview
follow
/content/307023/overview-hague
Recent Cases
follow
/content/309862/recently-decided-cases
Sources of Law and Interpretation
follow
/content/311333/sources-law-and-interpretation
Case Commentaries
follow
/content/309863/case-commentaries
Sample Orders
follow
/content/309864/sample-orders
Articles and Commentary
follow
/content/309865/articles-and-commentary
FAQs
follow
/content/309866/faqs
Video Tutorials
follow
/content/309867/video-tutorials
Checklist
follow
/content/311745/checklist-hague-convention-cases
Election Litigation
follow
/content/overview-6
Overview
follow
/content/overview-6
Case Studies in Emergency Election Litigation
follow
/content/case-studies
Registration Procedures
follow
/content/registration-procedures
Nullifying Registrations
follow
/content/nullifying-registrations
District Lines
follow
/content/district-lines
Filling Vacancies
follow
/content/filling-vacancies
Getting on the Ballot
follow
/content/getting-ballot
Recall Elections
follow
/content/324052/recall-elections
Ballot Measures
follow
/content/ballot-measures
Campaign Activities
follow
/content/campaign-activities
Election Dates
follow
/content/election-dates
Absentee and Early Voting
follow
/content/absentee-and-early-voting
Voter Identification
follow
/content/voter-identification
Poll Hours
follow
/content/poll-hours
Voting Procedures
follow
/content/voting-procedures
Polling Place Activities
follow
/content/polling-place-activities
Provisional Ballots
follow
/content/provisional-ballots
Voting Irregularities
follow
/content/voting-irregularities
Recounts
follow
/content/recounts
Interactive Map of Emergency Election Cases
follow
/content/interactive-map-cases
FJC Publications on Election Litigation
follow
/content/other-fjc-publications-election-litigation
Election Law Bibliography
follow
/content/election-law-bibliography
COVID-19
follow
/content/350168/covid-19-and-emergency-election-litigation
Federal and State Court Cooperation
follow
/content/323147/federal-and-state-court-cooperation-overview
Overview
follow
/content/323147/federal-and-state-court-cooperation-overview
Topics for Cooperation Between State and Federal Courts
follow
/content/323148/cooperation-between-state-and-federal-courts
Reducing Bias
follow
/content/337735/reducing-bias
What Is Bias and How Is It Measured?
follow
/content/337736/what-bias-and-how-it-measured
Effectiveness of Implicit Bias Trainings
follow
/content/337738/effectiveness-implicit-bias-trainings
Reducing Bias References
follow
/content/337737/references
Bankruptcy Education
follow
/content/347569/bankruptcy-education
State–Federal Judicial Councils
follow
/content/323149/state-federal-judicial-councils
Examples of State–Federal Court Cooperation
follow
/content/323150/examples-state-federal-court-cooperation
Sample Forms
follow
/content/323923/sample-forms
Additional Resources
follow
/content/324034/additional-resources
Illustrative Forms of Class Action Notices
follow
/content/301253/illustrative-forms-class-action-notices-introduction
Overview
follow
/content/301253/illustrative-forms-class-action-notices-introduction
Securities Notices
follow
/content/securities-notices
Products Liability Notices
follow
/content/products-liability-notices
Employment Discrimination Notices
follow
/content/employment-discrimination-notices
Notice Checklist and Plain Language Guide
follow
/content/301350/illustrative-forms-class-action-notices-notice-checklist-and-plain-language-guide
Notes for Use by Attorneys and Judges
follow
/content/notes-use-attorneys-and-judges
Overview of Methodology
follow
/content/overview-methodology
Detailed Discussion of Methodology
follow
/content/detailed-discussion-methodology
Acknowledgments
follow
/content/301309/illustrative-forms-class-action-notices-acknowledgments
Managing Capital Cases
follow
/content/managing-capital-cases
Overview
follow
/content/managing-capital-cases
Introduction
follow
/content/managing-federal-death-penalty-trials-introduction
Resource Guide, Volume I
follow
/content/managing-federal-death-penalty-trials-resource-guide-volume-i
Orders and Forms
follow
/content/managing-federal-death-penalty-trials-orders-and-forms
Federal Death Penalty Resource Counsel Assistance
follow
/content/managing-federal-death-penalty-trials-federal-death-penalty-resource-counsel-assistance
Resource Guide, Volume II
follow
/content/managing-habeas-corpus-review-capital-convictions-resource-guide-volume-ii
Capital Defense Network Assistance
follow
/content/managing-habeas-corpus-review-capital-convictions-capital-defense-network-assistance
Additional Resources
follow
/content/managing-habeas-corpus-review-capital-convictions-additional-resources
National Security Cases
follow
/content/overview-7
Overview
follow
/content/overview-7
Publications
follow
/content/323381/publications
Selected Orders and Other Case Documents
follow
/content/323302/selected-orders-and-other-case-documents
Related FJC Resources
follow
/content/323309/related-fjc-resources
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
follow
/content/foreign-intelligence-surveillance-court-1
Rules of Practice and Procedure
follow
/content/339959/overview
Overview
follow
/content/339959/overview
Video Tutorials
follow
/content/323842/video-tutorials
Guides
follow
/content/309773/rules-monographs
Research Reports
follow
/content/309797/rules-research-reports
Print Publications
follow
/content/309748/rules-research-print-publications
Online-Only Research Reports on Federal Rules
follow
/content/309779/rules-research-online-only
Recent Amendments
follow
/content/323845/amendments-federal-rules-practice-and-procedure
Scientific Evidence Resources
follow
/content/326577/scientific-evidence-resources-overview
Overview
follow
/content/326577/scientific-evidence-resources-overview
Fingerprint Identification
follow
/content/326581/fingerprint-identification
Neuroscience
follow
/content/334019/neuroscience
Opioids Crisis
follow
/content/343128/opioid-crisis
Technology in Litigation
follow
/content/301768/overview
Overview
follow
/content/301768/overview
Publications
follow
/content/322835/publications
Third-Party Litigation Financing
follow
/content/333090/third-party-litigation-financing-overview
Overview
follow
/content/333090/third-party-litigation-financing-overview
Publications and Reports
follow
/content/333091/third-party-litigation-financing-publications-and-reports
Local Rules and Forms
follow
/content/333092/third-party-litigation-financing-local-rules-and-forms
State Laws
follow
/content/333093/third-party-litigation-financing-state-laws
Industry Standards
follow
/content/333094/third-party-litigation-financing-industry-standards
Education for the Courts
follow
/education
Education Programs
follow
/education/education-programs
Programs and Resources for Judges
follow
/education/programs-and-resources-judges
Programs and Resources for Court Attorneys
follow
/education/programs-and-resources-court-attorneys
Programs and Resources for Federal Defenders
follow
/education/programs-and-resources-federal-defenders
Programs and Resources for Executives
follow
/education/programs-and-resources-executives
Programs and Resources for Supervisors and Managers
follow
/education/programs-and-resources-supervisors-and-managers
Programs and Resources for Experienced Probation and Pretrial Services Officers
follow
/education/programs-and-resources-experienced-probation-and-pretrial-services-officers
Programs and Resources for All Court Employees
follow
/education/programs-and-resources-all-court-employees
Programs and Resources for Trainers
follow
/education/programs-and-resources-trainers
Civic Education About the Courts
follow
/education/civic-education-about-courts
Talking Points on Judicial History
follow
/history/talking/talking-points-federal-judicial-history-constitutional-origins-federal-judiciary
Famous Federal Trials
follow
/history/cases/famous-federal-trials
State and Federal Courts
follow
/publications/state-and-federal-jurisdiction
Inside the Federal Courts
follow
/education/inside-federal-courts
Manuals, Monographs, & Guides
follow
/education/manuals-monographs-guides
Videos & Podcasts
follow
/education/fjc-videos-podcasts
History of the Federal Judiciary
follow
/history
Judges
follow
/history/judges
Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges
follow
/history/judges
Bankruptcy Judgeships
follow
/history/judges/bankruptcy-judgeships
Magistrate Judgeships
follow
/history/judges/magistrate-judgeships
Diversity on the Bench
follow
/history/judges/diversity-bench
Judicial Salaries
follow
/history/judges/judicial-salaries-supreme-court-justices
Unsuccessful Nominations and Recess Appointments
follow
/history/judges/unsuccessful-nominations-and-recess-appointments
Impeachments of Federal Judges
follow
/history/judges/impeachments-federal-judges
Courts
follow
/history/courts
Supreme Court of the United States
follow
/history/courts/supreme-court-united-states-and-federal-judiciary
U.S. Courts of Appeals
follow
/history/courts/u.s.-courts-appeals-and-federal-judiciary
U.S. District Courts
follow
/history/courts/u.s.-district-courts-and-federal-judiciary
U.S. Circuit Courts, 1789-1911
follow
/history/courts/u.s.-circuit-courts-and-federal-judiciary
Other Federal Courts
follow
/history/courts/other-federal-courts
Courts: A Brief Overview
follow
/history/courts/courts-brief-overview
Caseloads
follow
/history/courts/caseloads-history-federal-caseload-reporting
Jurisdiction
follow
/history/courts/jurisdiction-federal-courts
Rules
follow
/history/courts/rules-practice-and-procedure-federal-courts
Judicial Branch
follow
/history/administration
Administrative Agencies
follow
/history/administration/administrative-agencies-judicial-conference-united-states-1948-present
Congress and the Courts
follow
/history/legislation/congress-and-courts-landmark-legislation
Executive Branch and the Courts
follow
/history/administration/executive-branch-and-courts
Court Officers and Staff
follow
/history/administration/court-officers-and-staff-bailiffs-0
Federal Judicial Circuits
follow
/history/administration/federal-judicial-circuits
Talking Points on Federal Judicial History
follow
/history/talking/talking-points-federal-judicial-history-constitutional-origins-federal-judiciary
Courthouses
follow
/history/courthouses
Gallery
follow
/history/courthouses/gallery
Detailed List
follow
/history/courthouses/descriptions
List by State
follow
/history/courthouses/list
Cases
follow
/history/cases
Cases that Shaped the Federal Courts
follow
/history/cases/cases-that-shaped-the-federal-courts
Famous Federal Trials
follow
/history/cases/famous-federal-trials
Timelines
follow
/history/timeline
Graphs: Demographics
follow
/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/demography-article-iii-judges-1789-2020-introduction
Graphs: Caseloads
follow
/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/federal-judicial-caseloads-1789-2016-introduction
Maps
follow
/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/federal-judicial-circuits
Notable Federal Trials
follow
/history/exhibits/graphs-and-maps/notable-federal-trials
Spotlight on Judicial History
follow
/history/spotlight-judicial-history
The Justices" Circuit Court Opinions
follow
/history/exhibits/circuit-court-opinions
For Further Study
follow
/history/for-further-study
Court History Programs
follow
/history/programs/federal-court-historical-programs-and-sites
Guide to Research
follow
/content/guide-research-federal-judicial-history-0
Judges" Published Papers
follow
/history/further-study/published-papers-of-federal-judges
Oral History Resources
follow
/history/programs/oral-history-resources
Published Court Histories
follow
/history/programs/published-court-histories
Scholarship on Judges
follow
/history/further-study/historical-scholarship-related-federal-judges
International Judicial Relations
follow
/international
About IJR
follow
/content/349006/about-international-judicial-relations-office
History
follow
/content/349007/history
International Programs
follow
/content/349008/international-programs
Global Reach
follow
/content/349009/international-visitors-global-perspective
Visiting Fellows
follow
/content/349010/visiting-fellows
Recent Fellows
follow
/content/349363/recent-fellows
Briefing Materials
follow
/content/349014/briefing-materials
Translated Materials
follow
/content/349628/translated-materials
Contact Us
follow
/content/349011/contact-us
Publications Catalog
follow
/publications
Read more
follow
node/12506
Research About the Courts
follow
/research
Education for the Courts
follow
/education
History of the Federal Judiciary
follow
/history
International Judicial Relations
follow
/international
Publications Catalog
follow
/publications
Special Topic Webpages
follow
/research/special-topics
Share this page
follow
https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2F&title=Federal%20Judicial%20Center
Supreme Court of the United States
follow
http://www.supremecourtus.gov
USCourts.gov
follow
http://www.uscourts.gov
U.S. Sentencing Commission
follow
http://www.ussc.gov
Federal Judicial Center Foundation
follow
https://fjcfoundation.org
Privacy and Security Notice
follow
/node/947711