Questions and Answers in MRI
follow
/
Complete List of Questions
follow
/complete-list-of-questions.html
…Magnets & Scanners
follow
/hellipmagnets--scanners.html
Basic Electromagnetism >
follow
/basic-electromagnetism.html
What causes magnetism?
follow
/what-causes-magnetism.html
What is a Tesla?
follow
/what-is-a-tesla.html
Who was Tesla?
follow
/who-was-tesla.html
What is a Gauss?
follow
/what-is-a-gauss.html
How strong is 3.0T?
follow
/how-strong-is-30t.html
What is a gradient?
follow
/what-is-a-gradient.html
Aren"t gradients coils?
follow
/arent-gradients-coils.html
What is susceptibility?
follow
/what-is-susceptibility.html
How to levitate a frog?
follow
/how-to-levitate-a-frog.html
What is ferromagnetism?
follow
/what-is-ferromagnetism.html
Superparamagnetism?
follow
/superparamagnetism.html
Magnets - Part I >
follow
/magnets---part-i.html
Types of magnets?
follow
/types-of-magnets.html
Brands of scanners?
follow
/brands-of-scanners.html
Which way does field point?
follow
/which-way-does-field-point.html
Which is the north pole?
follow
/which-is-the-north-pole.html
Low v mid v high field?
follow
/low-v-mid-v-high-field.html
Advantages to low-field?
follow
/advantages-to-low-field.html
Disadvantages?
follow
/disadvantages.html
What is homogeneity?
follow
/what-is-homogeneity.html
Why homogeneity?
follow
/why-homogeneity.html
Why shimming?
follow
/why-shimming.html
Passive shimming?
follow
/passive-shimming.html
Active shimming?
follow
/active-shimming.html
Magnets - Part II >
follow
/magnets---part-ii.html
Superconductivity?
follow
/superconductivity.html
Perpetual motion?
follow
/perpetual-motion.html
How to ramp?
follow
/how-to-ramp.html
Superconductive design?
follow
/superconductive-design.html
Room Temp supercon?
follow
/room-temp-supercon.html
Liquid helium use?
follow
/liquid-helium-use.html
What is a quench?
follow
/what-is-a-quench.html
Is field ever turned off?
follow
/is-field-ever-turned-off.html
Emergency stop button?
follow
/emergency-stop-button.html
Gradients >
follow
/gradients.html
Gradient coils?
follow
/gradient-coils.html
How do z-gradients work?
follow
/how-do-z-gradients-work.html
X- and Y- gradients?
follow
/x--and-y--gradients.html
Open scanner gradients?
follow
/open-scanner-gradients.html
Eddy current problems?
follow
/eddy-current-problems.html
Active shielded gradients?
follow
/active-shielded-gradients.html
Active shield confusion?
follow
/active-shield-confusion.html
What is pre-emphasis?
follow
/what-is-pre-emphasis.html
Gradient heating?
follow
/gradient-heating.html
Gradient specifications?
follow
/gradient-specifications.html
Gradient linearity?
follow
/gradient-linearity.html
RF & Coils >
follow
/rf--coils.html
Many kinds of coils?
follow
/many-kinds-of-coils.html
Radiofrequency waves?
follow
/radiofrequency-waves.html
Phase v frequency?
follow
/phase-v-frequency1.html
RF Coil function(s)?
follow
/rf-coil-functions.html
RF-transmit coils?
follow
/rf-transmit-coils.html
LP vs CP (Quadrature)?
follow
/lp-vs-cp-quadrature.html
Multi-transmit RF?
follow
/multi-transmit-rf.html
Receive-only coils?
follow
/receive-only-coils.html
Array coils?
follow
/array-coils.html
AIR Coils?
follow
/air-coils.html
Site Planning >
follow
/site-planning.html
MR system layout?
follow
/mr-system-layout.html
What are fringe fields?
follow
/what-are-fringe-fields.html
How to reduce fringe?
follow
/how-to-reduce-fringe.html
Magnetic shielding?
follow
/magnetic-shielding.html
Need for vibration testing?
follow
/need-for-vibration-testing.html
What"s that noise?
follow
/whats-that-noise.html
Why RF Shielding?
follow
/why-rf-shielding.html
Wires/tubes thru wall?
follow
/wirestubes-thru-wall.html
...Safety and Screening
follow
/safety-and-screening1.html
Overview >
follow
/overview.html
ACR Safety Zones?
follow
/acr-safety-zones.html
MR safety screening?
follow
/mr-safety-screening.html
Incomplete screening?
follow
/incomplete-screening.html
Passive v active implants?
follow
/passive-v-active-implants.html
Conditional implants?
follow
/conditional-implants.html
Common safety issues?
follow
/common-safety-issues.html
Projectiles?
follow
/projectiles.html
Metal detectors?
follow
/metal-detectors.html
Pregnant patients?
follow
/pregnant-patients.html
Postop, ER & ICU patients?
follow
/postop-er--icu-patients.html
Temperature monitoring?
follow
/temperature-monitoring.html
Orbital foreign bodies?
follow
/orbital-foreign-bodies.html
Bullets and shrapnel?
follow
/bullets-and-shrapnel.html
Static Fields >
follow
/static-fields.html
"Dangerous" metals?
follow
/dangerous-metals.html
"Safe" metals?
follow
/safe-metals.html
Magnetizing metal?
follow
/magnetizing-metal.html
Object shape?
follow
/object-shape.html
Forces on metal?
follow
/forces-on-metal.html
Most dangerous place?
follow
/most-dangerous-place.html
Force/torque testing?
follow
/forcetorque-testing.html
Static field bioeffects?
follow
/static-field-bioeffects.html
Dizziness/Vertigo?
follow
/dizzinessvertigo.html
Flickering lights?
follow
/flickering-lights.html
Metallic taste?
follow
/metallic-taste.html
RF Fields >
follow
/rf-fields.html
RF safety overview?
follow
/rf-safety-overview.html
RF biological effects?
follow
/rf-biological-effects.html
What is SAR?
follow
/what-is-sar.html
SAR limits?
follow
/sar-limits.html
Operating modes?
follow
/operating-modes.html
How to reduce SAR?
follow
/how-to-reduce-sar.html
RF burns?
follow
/rf-burns.html
Estimate implant heating?
follow
/estimate-implant-heating.html
SED vs SAR?
follow
/sed-vs-sar.html
B1+rms vs SAR?
follow
/b1rms-vs-sar.html
Personnel exposure?
follow
/personnel-exposure.html
Cell phones?
follow
/cell-phones.html
Gradient Fields >
follow
/gradient-fields.html
Gradient safety overview
follow
/gradient-safety-overview.html
Acoustic noise?
follow
/acoustic-noise.html
Nerve stimulation?
follow
/nerve-stimulation.html
Gradient vs RF heating?
follow
/gradient-vs-rf-heating.html
Safety: Neurological >
follow
/safety-neurological.html
Aneurysm coils/clips?
follow
/aneurysm-coilsclips.html
Shunts/drains?
follow
/shuntsdrains.html
Pressure monitors/bolts?
follow
/pressure-monitorsbolts.html
Deep brain stimulators?
follow
/deep-brain-stimulators.html
Spinal cord stimulators?
follow
/spinal-cord-stimulators.html
Vagal nerve stimulators?
follow
/vagal-nerve-stimulators.html
Cranial electrodes?
follow
/cranial-electrodes.html
Carotid clamps?
follow
/carotid-clamps.html
Peripheral stimulators?
follow
/peripheral-stimulators.html
Epidural catheters?
follow
/epidural-catheters.html
Safety: Head & Neck >
follow
/safety-head--neck.html
Additional orbit safety?
follow
/additional-orbit-safety.html
Cochlear Implants?
follow
/cochlear-implants.html
Bone conduction implants?
follow
/bone-conduction-implants.html
Other ear implants?
follow
/other-ear-implants.html
Dental/facial implants?
follow
/dentalfacial-implants.html
ET tubes & airways?
follow
/et-tubes--airways.html
Safety: Chest & Vascular >
follow
/safety-chest--vascular.html
Breast tissue expanders?
follow
/breast-tissue-expanders.html
Breast biopsy markers?
follow
/breast-biopsy-markers.html
Airway stents/valves/coils?
follow
/airway-stentsvalvescoils.html
Respiratory stimulators?
follow
/respiratory-stimulators.html
Ports/vascular access?
follow
/portsvascular-access.html
Swan-Ganz catheters?
follow
/swan-ganz-catheters.html
IVC filters?
follow
/ivc-filters.html
Implanted infusion pumps?
follow
/implanted-infusion-pumps.html
Insulin pumps & CGMs?
follow
/insulin-pumps--cgms.html
Vascular stents/grafts?
follow
/vascular-stentsgrafts.html
Sternal wires/implants?
follow
/sternal-wiresimplants.html
Safety: Cardiac >
follow
/safety-cardiac.html
Pacemaker dangers?
follow
/pacemaker-dangers.html
Pacemaker terminology?
follow
/pacemaker-terminology.html
New/"Safe" Pacemakers?
follow
/newsafe-pacemakers.html
Old/Legacy Pacemakers?
follow
/oldlegacy-pacemakers.html
Violating the conditions?
follow
/violating-the-conditions.html
Epicardial pacers/leads?
follow
/epicardial-pacersleads.html
Cardiac monitors?
follow
/cardiac-monitors.html
Heart valves?
follow
/heart-valves.html
Miscellaneous CV devices?
follow
/miscellaneous-cv-devices.html
Safety: Abdominal >
follow
/safety-abdominal.html
PIllCam and capsules?
follow
/pillcam-and-capsules.html
Gastric pacemakers?
follow
/gastric-pacemakers.html
Other GI devices?
follow
/other-gi-devices.html
Contraceptive devices?
follow
/contraceptive-devices.html
Foley catheters?
follow
/foley-catheters.html
Incontinence devices?
follow
/incontinence-devices.html
Penile Implants?
follow
/penile-implants.html
Sacral nerve stimulators?
follow
/sacral-nerve-stimulators.html
GU stents and other?
follow
/gu-stents-and-other.html
Safety: Orthopedic >
follow
/safety-orthopedic.html
Orthopedic hardware?
follow
/orthopedic-hardware.html
External fixators?
follow
/external-fixators.html
Traction and halos?
follow
/traction-and-halos.html
Bone stimulators?
follow
/bone-stimulators.html
Magnetic rods?
follow
/magnetic-rods.html
…The NMR Phenomenon
follow
/hellipthe-nmr-phenomenon.html
What is spin?
follow
/what-is-spin.html
Why I = ½, 1, etc?
follow
/why-i--frac12-1-etc.html
Proton = nucleus = spin?
follow
/proton--nucleus--spin.html
Predict nuclear spin (I)?
follow
/predict-nuclear-spin-i.html
Magnetic dipole moment?
follow
/magnetic-dipole-moment.html
Gyromagnetic ratio (γ)?
follow
/gyromagnetic-ratio-gamma.html
"Spin" vs "Spin state"?
follow
/spin-vs-spin-state.html
Energy splitting?
follow
/energy-splitting.html
Fall to lowest state?
follow
/fall-to-lowest-state.html
Quantum "reality"?
follow
/quantum-reality.html
Precession >
follow
/precession.html
Why precession?
follow
/why-precession.html
Who was Larmor?
follow
/who-was-larmor.html
Energy for precession?
follow
/energy-for-precession.html
Chemical shift?
follow
/chemical-shift.html
Net magnetization (M)?
follow
/net-magnetization-m.html
Does M instantly appear?
follow
/does-m-instantly-appear.html
Does M also precess?
follow
/does-m-also-precess.html
Does precession = NMR?
follow
/does-precession--nmr.html
Resonance >
follow
/resonance.html
MR vs MRI vs NMR?
follow
/mr-vs-mri-vs-nmr.html
Who discovered NMR?
follow
/who-discovered-nmr.html
How does B1 tip M?
follow
/how-does-b1-tip-m.html
Why at Larmor frequency?
follow
/why-at-larmor-frequency.html
What is flip angle?
follow
/what-is-flip-angle.html
Spins precess after 180°?
follow
/spins-precess-after-180deg.html
Phase coherence?
follow
/phase-coherence.html
Release of RF energy?
follow
/release-of-rf-energy.html
Rotating frame?
follow
/rotating-frame.html
Off-resonance?
follow
/off-resonance.html
Adiabatic excitation?
follow
/adiabatic-excitation.html
Adiabatic pulses?
follow
/adiabatic-pulses.html
Relaxation - Physics >
follow
/relaxation---physics.html
Bloch equations?
follow
/bloch-equations.html
What is T1?
follow
/what-is-t1.html
What is T2?
follow
/what-is-t2.html
Relaxation rate vs time?
follow
/relaxation-rate-vs-time.html
Why is T1 > T2?
follow
/why-is-t1--t2.html
T2 vs T2*?
follow
/t2-vs-t2.html
Causes of Relaxation?
follow
/causes-of-relaxation.html
Dipole-dipole interactions?
follow
/dipole-dipole-interactions.html
Chemical Exchange?
follow
/chemical-exchange.html
Spin-Spin interactions?
follow
/spin-spin-interactions.html
Macromolecule effects?
follow
/macromolecule-effects.html
Which H"s produce signal?
follow
/which-hs-produce-signal.html
"Invisible" protons?
follow
/invisible-protons.html
Magnetization Transfer?
follow
/magnetization-transfer1.html
Bo effect on T1 & T2?
follow
/bo-effect-on-t1--t2.html
How to predict T1 & T2?
follow
/how-to-predict-t1--t2.html
Relaxation - Clincial >
follow
/relaxation---clincial.html
T1 bright? - fat
follow
/t1-bright---fat.html
T1 bright? - other oils
follow
/t1-bright---other-oils.html
T1 bright? - cholesterol
follow
/t1-bright---cholesterol.html
T1 bright? - calcifications
follow
/t1-bright---calcifications.html
T1 bright? - meconium
follow
/t1-bright---meconium.html
T1 bright? - melanin
follow
/t1-bright---melanin.html
T1 bright? - protein/mucin
follow
/t1-bright---proteinmucin.html
T1 bright? - myelin
follow
/t1-bright---myelin.html
Magic angle?
follow
/magic-angle.html
MT Imaging/Contrast?
follow
/mt-imagingcontrast.html
…Pulse Sequences
follow
/hellippulse-sequences.html
MR Signals >
follow
/mr-signals.html
Origin of MR signal?
follow
/origin-of-mr-signal.html
Free Induction Decay?
follow
/free-induction-decay.html
Gradient echo?
follow
/gradient-echo.html
TR and TE?
follow
/tr-and-te.html
Spin echo?
follow
/spin-echo1.html
90°-90° Hahn Echo?
follow
/90deg-90deg-hahn-echo.html
Stimulated echoes?
follow
/stimulated-echoes.html
STEs for imaging?
follow
/stes-for-imaging.html
4 or more RF-pulses?
follow
/4-or-more-rf-pulses.html
Partial flip angles?
follow
/partial-flip-angles.html
How is signal higher?
follow
/how-is-signal-higher.html
Optimal flip angle?
follow
/optimal-flip-angle.html
Spin Echo >
follow
/spin-echo.html
SE vs Multi-SE vs FSE?
follow
/se-vs-multi-se-vs-fse.html
Image contrast: TR/TE?
follow
/image-contrast-trte.html
Opposite effects ↑T1 ↑T2?
follow
/opposite-effects-uarrt1-uarrt2.html
Meaning of weighting?
follow
/meaning-of-weighting.html
Does SE correct for T2?
follow
/does-se-correct-for-t2.html
Effect of 180° on Mz?
follow
/effect-of-180deg-on-mz.html
Direction of 180° pulse?
follow
/direction-of-180deg-pulse.html
Inversion Recovery >
follow
/inversion-recovery.html
What is IR?
follow
/what-is-ir.html
Why use IR?
follow
/why-use-ir.html
Phase-sensitive IR?
follow
/phase-sensitive-ir.html
Why not PSIR always?
follow
/why-not-psir-always.html
Choice of IR parameters?
follow
/choice-of-ir-parameters.html
TI to null a tissue?
follow
/ti-to-null-a-tissue.html
T1-FLAIR
follow
/t1-flair.html
T2-FLAIR?
follow
/t2-flair.html
IR-prepped sequences?
follow
/ir-prepped-sequences.html
Double IR?
follow
/double-ir.html
Gradient Echo >
follow
/gradient-echo1.html
GRE vs SE?
follow
/gre-vs-se.html
Multi-echo GRE?
follow
/multi-echo-gre.html
Types of GRE sequences?
follow
/types-of-gre-sequences.html
Commercial Acronyms?
follow
/commercial-acronyms.html
Spoiling - what and how?
follow
/spoiling---what-and-how.html
Spoiled-GRE parameters?
follow
/spoiled-gre-parameters.html
Spoiled for T1W only?
follow
/spoiled-for-t1w-only.html
What is SSFP?
follow
/what-is-ssfp.html
GRASS/FISP: how?
follow
/grassfisp-how.html
GRASS/FISP: parameters?
follow
/grassfisp-parameters.html
GRASS vs MPGR?
follow
/grass-vs-mpgr.html
PSIF vs FISP?
follow
/psif-vs-fisp.html
True FISP/FIESTA?
follow
/true-fispfiesta.html
FIESTA v FIESTA-C?
follow
/fiesta-v-fiesta-c.html
MERGE/MEDIC?
follow
/mergemedic.html
GRASE?
follow
/grase.html
MP-RAGE v MR2RAGE?
follow
/mp-rage-v-mr2rage.html
Susceptibility Imaging >
follow
/susceptibility-imaging.html
What is susceptibility (χ)?
follow
/what-is-susceptibility-chi.html
What"s wrong with GRE?
follow
/whats-wrong-with-gre.html
Making an SW image?
follow
/making-an-sw-image.html
Phase of blood v Ca++?
follow
/phase-of-blood-v-ca.html
Quantitative susceptibility?
follow
/quantitative-susceptibility.html
Diffusion: Basic >
follow
/diffusion-basic.html
What is diffusion?
follow
/what-is-diffusion.html
Iso-/Anisotropic diffusion?
follow
/iso-anisotropic-diffusion.html
"Apparent" diffusion?
follow
/apparent-diffusion.html
Making a DW image?
follow
/making-a-dw-image.html
What is the b-value?
follow
/what-is-the-b-value.html
b0 vs b50?
follow
/b0-vs-b50.html
Trace vs ADC map?
follow
/trace-vs-adc-map.html
Light/dark reversal?
follow
/lightdark-reversal.html
T2 "shine through"?
follow
/t2-shine-through.html
Exponential ADC?
follow
/exponential-adc.html
T2 "black-out"?
follow
/t2-black-out.html
DWI bright causes?
follow
/dwi-bright-causes.html
Diffusion: Advanced >
follow
/diffusion-advanced.html
Diffusion Tensor?
follow
/diffusion-tensor.html
DTI (tensor imaging)?
follow
/dti-tensor-imaging.html
Whole body DWI?
follow
/whole-body-dwi.html
Readout-segmented DWI?
follow
/readout-segmented-dwi.html
Small FOV DWI?
follow
/small-fov-dwi.html
Diffusion Kurtosis?
follow
/diffusion-kurtosis.html
Fat-Water Imaging >
follow
/fat-water-imaging.html
Fat & Water properties?
follow
/fat--water-properties.html
F-W chemical shift?
follow
/f-w-chemical-shift.html
In-phase/out-of-phase?
follow
/in-phaseout-of-phase.html
Best method?
follow
/best-method.html
Dixon method?
follow
/dixon-method.html
"Fat-sat" pulses?
follow
/fat-sat-pulses.html
Water excitation?
follow
/water-excitation.html
SPAIR v SPIR?
follow
/spair-v-spir.html
SPIR/SPAIR v STIR?
follow
/spirspair-v-stir.html
…Making an Image
follow
/hellipmaking-an-image.html
From Signals to Images >
follow
/from-signals-to-images.html
Phase v frequency?
follow
/phase-v-frequency.html
Angular frequency (ω)?
follow
/angular-frequency-omega.html
Signal squiggles?
follow
/signal-squiggles.html
Real v Imaginary?
follow
/real-v-imaginary.html
Fourier Transform (FT)?
follow
/fourier-transform-ft.html
What are 2D- & 3D-FTs?
follow
/what-are-2d---3d-fts.html
Who invented MRI?
follow
/who-invented-mri.html
How to locate signals?
follow
/how-to-locate-signals.html
Frequency Encoding >
follow
/frequency-encoding1.html
Frequency encoding?
follow
/frequency-encoding.html
Receiver bandwidth?
follow
/receiver-bandwidth.html
Narrow bandwidth?
follow
/narrow-bandwidth.html
Slice-selective excitation?
follow
/slice-selective-excitation.html
SS gradient lobes?
follow
/ss-gradient-lobes.html
Cross-talk?
follow
/cross-talk.html
Frequency encode all?
follow
/frequency-encode-all.html
Mixing of slices?
follow
/mixing-of-slices.html
Two slices at once?
follow
/two-slices-at-once.html
Simultaneous Multi-Slice?
follow
/simultaneous-multi-slice.html
Phase Encoding >
follow
/phase-encoding.html
Phase-encoding gradient?
follow
/phase-encoding-gradient.html
Single PE step?
follow
/single-pe-step.html
What is phase-encoding?
follow
/what-is-phase-encoding.html
PE and FE together?
follow
/pe-and-fe-together.html
2DFT reconstruction?
follow
/2dft-reconstruction.html
Choosing PE/FE direction?
follow
/choosing-pefe-direction.html
Performing an MR Scan >
follow
/performing-an-mr-scan.html
What are the steps?
follow
/what-are-the-steps.html
Automatic prescan?
follow
/automatic-prescan.html
Routine shimming?
follow
/routine-shimming.html
Coil tuning/matching?
follow
/coil-tuningmatching.html
Center frequency?
follow
/center-frequency.html
Transmitter gain?
follow
/transmitter-gain.html
Receiver gain?
follow
/receiver-gain.html
Dummy cycles?
follow
/dummy-cycles.html
Where"s my data?
follow
/wheres-my-data.html
MR Tech qualifications?
follow
/mr-tech-qualifications.html
Image Quality Control >
follow
/image-quality-control.html
Who regulates MRI?
follow
/who-regulates-mri.html
Who accredits?
follow
/who-accredits.html
Mandatory accreditation?
follow
/mandatory-accreditation.html
Routine quality control?
follow
/routine-quality-control.html
MR phantoms?
follow
/mr-phantoms.html
Geometric accuracy?
follow
/geometric-accuracy.html
Image uniformity?
follow
/image-uniformity.html
Slice parameters?
follow
/slice-parameters.html
Image resolution?
follow
/image-resolution.html
Signal-to-noise?
follow
/signal-to-noise.html
Ghosting?
follow
/ghosting.html
…K-space & Rapid Imaging
follow
/hellipk-space--rapid-imaging.html
K-space (Basic) >
follow
/k-space-basic.html
What is k-space?
follow
/what-is-k-space.html
Parts of k-space?
follow
/parts-of-k-space.html
What does "k" stand for?
follow
/what-does-k-stand-for.html
Spatial frequencies?
follow
/spatial-frequencies.html
Locations in k-space?
follow
/locations-in-k-space.html
Data for k-space?
follow
/data-for-k-space.html
Why signal ↔ k-space?
follow
/why-signal-harr-k-space.html
Spin-warp imaging?
follow
/spin-warp-imaging.html
Big spot in middle?
follow
/big-spot-in-middle.html
K-space trajectories?
follow
/k-space-trajectories.html
Radial sampling?
follow
/radial-sampling.html
K-space (Advanced) >
follow
/k-space-advanced.html
K-space grid?
follow
/k-space-grid.html
Negative frequencies?
follow
/negative-frequencies.html
Field-of-view (FOV)
follow
/field-of-view-fov.html
Rectangular FOV?
follow
/rectangular-fov.html
Partial Fourier?
follow
/partial-fourier.html
Phase symmetry?
follow
/phase-symmetry.html
Read symmetry?
follow
/read-symmetry.html
Why not use both?
follow
/why-not-use-both.html
Rapid Imaging (FSE &EPI) >
follow
/rapid-imaging-fse-epi.html
What is FSE/TSE?
follow
/what-is-fsetse.html
FSE parameters?
follow
/fse-parameters.html
Bright Fat?
follow
/bright-fat.html
Other FSE differences?
follow
/other-fse-differences.html
Dual-echo FSE?
follow
/dual-echo-fse.html
Driven equilibrium?
follow
/driven-equilibrium.html
Reduced flip angle FSE?
follow
/reduced-flip-angle-fse.html
Hyperechoes?
follow
/hyperechoes.html
SPACE/CUBE/VISTA?
follow
/spacecubevista.html
Echo-planar imaging?
follow
/echo-planar-imaging.html
HASTE/SS-FSE?
follow
/hastess-fse.html
Parallel Imaging (PI) >
follow
/parallel-imaging-pi.html
What is PI?
follow
/what-is-pi.html
How is PI different?
follow
/how-is-pi-different.html
PI coils and sequences?
follow
/pi-coils-and-sequences.html
Why and when to use?
follow
/why-and-when-to-use.html
Two types of PI?
follow
/two-types-of-pi.html
SENSE/ASSET?
follow
/senseasset.html
GRAPPA/ARC?
follow
/grappaarc.html
CAIPIRINHA?
follow
/caipirinha.html
Noise in PI?
follow
/noise-in-pi.html
Artifacts in PI?
follow
/artifacts-in-pi.html
…Contrast Agents & Blood
follow
/hellipcontrast-agents--blood.html
Contrast Agents: Physics >
follow
/contrast-agents-physics.html
Why Gadolinium?
follow
/why-gadolinium.html
Paramagnetic relaxation?
follow
/paramagnetic-relaxation.html
What is relaxivity?
follow
/what-is-relaxivity.html
Why does Gd shorten T1?
follow
/why-does-gd-shorten-t1.html
Does Gd affect T2?
follow
/does-gd-affect-t2.html
Gd & field strength?
follow
/gd--field-strength.html
Best T1-pulse sequence?
follow
/best-t1-pulse-sequence.html
Triple dose and MT?
follow
/triple-dose-and-mt.html
Dynamic CE imaging?
follow
/dynamic-ce-imaging.html
Gadolinium on CT?
follow
/gadolinium-on-ct.html
Contrast Agents: Clinical >
follow
/contrast-agents-clinical.html
So many Gd agents!
follow
/so-many-gd-agents.html
Important properties?
follow
/important-properties.html
Ionic v non-ionic?
follow
/ionic-v-non-ionic.html
Intra-articular/thecal Gd?
follow
/intra-articularthecal-gd.html
Gd liver agents (Eovist)?
follow
/gd-liver-agents-eovist.html
Mn agents (Teslascan)?
follow
/mn-agents-teslascan.html
Feridex & Liver Agents?
follow
/feridex--liver-agents.html
Lymph node agents?
follow
/lymph-node-agents.html
Ferumoxytol?
follow
/ferumoxytol.html
Blood pool (Ablavar)?
follow
/blood-pool-ablavar.html
Bowel contrast agents?
follow
/bowel-contrast-agents.html
Contrast Agents: Safety >
follow
/contrast-agents-safety.html
Gadolinium safety?
follow
/gadolinium-safety.html
Allergic reactions?
follow
/allergic-reactions.html
Renal toxicity?
follow
/renal-toxicity.html
What is NSF?
follow
/what-is-nsf.html
NSF by agent?
follow
/nsf-by-agent.html
Informed consent for Gd?
follow
/informed-consent-for-gd.html
Gd protocol?
follow
/gd-protocol.html
Is Gd safe in infants?
follow
/is-gd-safe-in-infants.html
Reduced dose in infants?
follow
/reduced-dose-in-infants.html
Gd in breast milk?
follow
/gd-in-breast-milk.html
Gd in pregnancy?
follow
/gd-in-pregnancy.html
Gd accumulation?
follow
/gd-accumulation.html
Gd deposition disease?
follow
/gd-deposition-disease.html
Blood: Paramagnetism >
follow
/blood-paramagnetism.html
Hematoma overview?
follow
/hematoma-overview.html
Types of Hemoglobin?
follow
/types-of-hemoglobin.html
Hyperacute/Oxy-Hb?
follow
/hyperacuteoxy-hb.html
Acute/Deoxy-Hb?
follow
/acutedeoxy-hb.html
Subacute/Met-Hb?
follow
/subacutemet-hb.html
Deoxy-Hb v Met-Hb?
follow
/deoxy-hb-v-met-hb.html
Extracellular met-Hb?
follow
/extracellular-met-hb.html
Chronic hematomas?
follow
/chronic-hematomas.html
Hemichromes?
follow
/hemichromes.html
Ferritin/Hemosiderin?
follow
/ferritinhemosiderin.html
Subarachnoid blood?
follow
/subarachnoid-blood.html
Blood at lower fields?
follow
/blood-at-lower-fields.html
…Cardiovascular and MRA
follow
/hellipcardiovascular-and-mra.html
Flow effects in MRI >
follow
/flow-effects-in-mri.html
Defining flow?
follow
/defining-flow.html
Expected velocities?
follow
/expected-velocities.html
Laminar v turbulent?
follow
/laminar-v-turbulent.html
Predicting MR of flow?
follow
/predicting-mr-of-flow.html
Time-of-flight effects?
follow
/time-of-flight-effects.html
Spin phase effects?
follow
/spin-phase-effects.html
Flow void?
follow
/flow-void.html
Why GRE ↑ flow signal?
follow
/why-gre-uarr-flow-signal.html
Slow flow v thrombus?
follow
/slow-flow-v-thrombus.html
Even-echo rephasing?
follow
/even-echo-rephasing.html
Flow-compensation?
follow
/flow-compensation.html
Flow misregistration?
follow
/flow-misregistration.html
MR Angiography - I >
follow
/mr-angiography---i.html
MRA methods?
follow
/mra-methods.html
Dark vs bright blood?
follow
/dark-vs-bright-blood.html
Time-of-Flight (TOF) MRA?
follow
/time-of-flight-tof-mra.html
2D vs 3D MRA?
follow
/2d-vs-3d-mra.html
MRA parameters?
follow
/mra-parameters.html
Magnetization Transfer?
follow
/magnetization-transfer.html
Ramped flip angle?
follow
/ramped-flip-angle.html
MOTSA?
follow
/motsa.html
Fat-suppressed MRA?
follow
/fat-suppressed-mra.html
TOF MRA Artifacts?
follow
/tof-mra-artifacts.html
Phase-contrast MRA?
follow
/phase-contrast-mra.html
What is VENC?
follow
/what-is-venc.html
Measuring flow?
follow
/measuring-flow.html
How accurate?
follow
/how-accurate.html
MR Angiography - II >
follow
/mr-angiography---ii.html
Gated 3D FSE MRA?
follow
/gated-3d-fse-mra.html
3D FSE MRA parameters?
follow
/3d-fse-mra-parameters.html
SSFP MRA?
follow
/ssfp-mra.html
Inflow-enhanced SSFP?
follow
/inflow-enhanced-ssfp.html
MRA with ASL?
follow
/mra-with-asl.html
Other MRA methods?
follow
/other-mra-methods.html
Contrast-enhanced MRA?
follow
/contrast-enhanced-mra.html
Timing the bolus?
follow
/timing-the-bolus.html
View ordering in MRA?
follow
/view-ordering-in-mra.html
Bolus chasing?
follow
/bolus-chasing.html
TRICKS or TWIST?
follow
/tricks-or-twist.html
CE-MRA artifacts?
follow
/ce-mra-artifacts.html
Cardiac I - Intro/Anatomy >
follow
/cardiac-i---introanatomy.html
Cardiac protocols?
follow
/cardiac-protocols.html
Patient prep?
follow
/patient-prep.html
EKG problems?
follow
/ekg-problems.html
Magnet changes EKG?
follow
/magnet-changes-ekg.html
Gating v triggering?
follow
/gating-v-triggering.html
Gating parameters?
follow
/gating-parameters.html
Heart navigators?
follow
/heart-navigators.html
Dark blood/Double IR?
follow
/dark-blooddouble-ir.html
Why not single IR?
follow
/why-not-single-ir.html
Triple IR?
follow
/triple-ir.html
Polar plots?
follow
/polar-plots.html
Coronary artery MRA?
follow
/coronary-artery-mra.html
Cardiac II - Function >
follow
/cardiac-ii---function.html
Beating heart movies?
follow
/beating-heart-movies.html
Cine parameters?
follow
/cine-parameters.html
Real-time cine?
follow
/real-time-cine.html
Ventricular function?
follow
/ventricular-function.html
Tagging/SPAMM?
follow
/taggingspamm.html
Perfusion: why and how?
follow
/perfusion-why-and-how.html
1st pass perfusion?
follow
/1st-pass-perfusion.html
Quantifying perfusion?
follow
/quantifying-perfusion.html
Dark rim artifact
follow
/dark-rim-artifact.html
Cardiac III - Viability >
follow
/cardiac-iii---viability.html
Gd enhancement?
follow
/gd-enhancement.html
TI to null myocardium?
follow
/ti-to-null-myocardium.html
PS (phase-sensitive) IR?
follow
/ps-phase-sensitive-ir.html
T1 mapping?
follow
/t1-mapping.html
Iron/T2*-mapping?
follow
/iront2-mapping.html
Edema/T2-mapping?
follow
/edemat2-mapping.html
Why/how stress test?
follow
/whyhow-stress-test.html
Stess drugs/agents?
follow
/stess-drugsagents.html
Stress consent form?
follow
/stress-consent-form.html
…MR Artifacts
follow
/hellipmr-artifacts.html
Tissue-related artifacts >
follow
/tissue-related-artifacts.html
Chemical shift artifact?
follow
/chemical-shift-artifact.html
Chemical shift in phase?
follow
/chemical-shift-in-phase.html
Reducing chemical shift?
follow
/reducing-chemical-shift.html
Chemical Shift 2nd Kind?
follow
/chemical-shift-2nd-kind.html
In-phase/out-of phase?
follow
/in-phaseout-of-phase1.html
IR bounce point?
follow
/ir-bounce-point.html
Susceptibility artifact?
follow
/susceptibility-artifact.html
Metal suppression?
follow
/metal-suppression.html
Dielectric effect?
follow
/dielectric-effect.html
Dielectric Pads?
follow
/dielectric-pads.html
Motion-related artifacts >
follow
/motion-related-artifacts.html
Why discrete ghosts?
follow
/why-discrete-ghosts.html
Motion artifact direction?
follow
/motion-artifact-direction.html
Reducing motion artifacts?
follow
/reducing-motion-artifacts.html
Saturation pulses?
follow
/saturation-pulses.html
Gating methods?
follow
/gating-methods.html
Respiratory comp?
follow
/respiratory-comp.html
Navigator echoes?
follow
/navigator-echoes.html
PROPELLER/BLADE?
follow
/propellerblade.html
Technique-related artifacts >
follow
/technique-related-artifacts.html
Partial volume effects?
follow
/partial-volume-effects.html
Slice overlap?
follow
/slice-overlap.html
Aliasing?
follow
/aliasing.html
Wrap-around artifact?
follow
/wrap-around-artifact.html
Eliminate wrap-around?
follow
/eliminate-wrap-around.html
Phase oversampling?
follow
/phase-oversampling.html
Frequency wrap-around?
follow
/frequency-wrap-around.html
Spiral/radial artifacts?
follow
/spiralradial-artifacts.html
Gibbs artifact?
follow
/gibbs-artifact.html
Nyquist (N/2) ghosts?
follow
/nyquist-n2-ghosts.html
Zipper artifact?
follow
/zipper-artifact.html
Data artifacts?
follow
/data-artifacts.html
Surface coil flare?
follow
/surface-coil-flare.html
MRA Artifacts (TOF)?
follow
/mra-artifacts-tof.html
MRA artifacts (CE)?
follow
/mra-artifacts-ce.html
…Functional Imaging
follow
/hellipfunctional-imaging.html
Perfusion I: Intro & DSC >
follow
/perfusion-i-intro--dsc.html
Measuring perfusion?
follow
/measuring-perfusion.html
Meaning of CBF, MTT etc?
follow
/meaning-of-cbf-mtt-etc.html
DSC v DCE v ASL?
follow
/dsc-v-dce-v-asl.html
How to perform DSC?
follow
/how-to-perform-dsc.html
Bolus Gd effect?
follow
/bolus-gd-effect.html
T1 effects on DSC?
follow
/t1-effects-on-dsc.html
DSC recirculation?
follow
/dsc-recirculation.html
DSC curve analysis?
follow
/dsc-curve-analysis.html
DSC signal v [Gd]
follow
/dsc-signal-v-gd.html
Arterial input (AIF)?
follow
/arterial-input-aif.html
Quantitative DSC?
follow
/quantitative-dsc.html
Perfusion II: DCE >
follow
/perfusion-ii-dce.html
What is DCE?
follow
/what-is-dce.html
How is DCE performed?
follow
/how-is-dce-performed.html
How is DCE analyzed?
follow
/how-is-dce-analyzed.html
Breast DCE?
follow
/breast-dce.html
DCE signal v [Gd]
follow
/dce-signal-v-gd.html
DCE tissue parmeters?
follow
/dce-tissue-parmeters.html
Parameters to images?
follow
/parameters-to-images.html
K-trans = permeability?
follow
/k-trans--permeability.html
Utility of DCE?
follow
/utility-of-dce.html
Perfusion III: ASL >
follow
/perfusion-iii-asl.html
What is ASL?
follow
/what-is-asl.html
ASL methods overview?
follow
/asl-methods-overview.html
pCASL?
follow
/pcasl.html
ASL parameters?
follow
/asl-parameters.html
ASL artifacts?
follow
/asl-artifacts.html
Gadolinium and ASL?
follow
/gadolinium-and-asl.html
Vascular color maps?
follow
/vascular-color-maps.html
Quantifying flow?
follow
/quantifying-flow.html
Functional MRI/BOLD - I >
follow
/functional-mribold---i.html
Who invented fMRI?
follow
/who-invented-fmri.html
How does fMRI work?
follow
/how-does-fmri-work.html
BOLD contrast?
follow
/bold-contrast.html
Why does BOLD ↑ signal?
follow
/why-does-bold-uarr-signal.html
Does BOLD=brain activity?
follow
/does-boldbrain-activity.html
BOLD pulse sequences?
follow
/bold-pulse-sequences.html
fMRI Paradigm design?
follow
/fmri-paradigm-design.html
Why "on-off" comparison?
follow
/why-on-off-comparison.html
Motor paradigms?
follow
/motor-paradigms.html
Visual?
follow
/visual.html
Language?
follow
/language.html
Functional MRI/BOLD - II >
follow
/functional-mribold---ii.html
Process/analyze fMRI?
follow
/processanalyze-fmri.html
Best fMRI software?
follow
/best-fmri-software.html
Data pre-processing?
follow
/data-pre-processing.html
Registration/normalization?
follow
/registrationnormalization.html
fMRI statistical analysis?
follow
/fmri-statistical-analysis.html
General Linear Model?
follow
/general-linear-model.html
Activation "blobs"?
follow
/activation-blobs.html
False activation?
follow
/false-activation.html
Resting state fMRI?
follow
/resting-state-fmri.html
Analyze RS-fMRI?
follow
/analyze-rs-fmri.html
Network/Graphs?
follow
/networkgraphs.html
fMRI at 7T?
follow
/fmri-at-7t.html
Mind reading/Lie detector?
follow
/mind-readinglie-detector.html
fMRI critique?
follow
/fmri-critique.html
…MR Spectroscopy
follow
/hellipmr-spectroscopy.html
MRS I - Basics >
follow
/mrs-i---basics.html
MRI vs MRS?
follow
/mri-vs-mrs.html
Spectra vs images?
follow
/spectra-vs-images.html
Chemical shift (δ)?
follow
/chemical-shift-delta.html
Measuring δ?
follow
/measuring-delta.html
Backward δ scale?
follow
/backward-delta-scale.html
Predicting δ?
follow
/predicting-delta.html
Size/shapes of peaks?
follow
/sizeshapes-of-peaks.html
Splitting of peaks?
follow
/splitting-of-peaks.html
Localization methods?
follow
/localization-methods.html
Single v multi-voxel?
follow
/single-v-multi-voxel.html
PRESS?
follow
/press.html
STEAM?
follow
/steam.html
MRS II - Clinical ¹H MRS >
follow
/mrs-ii---clinical-sup1h-mrs.html
How-to: brain MRS?
follow
/how-to-brain-mrs.html
Water suppression?
follow
/water-suppression.html
Fat suppression?
follow
/fat-suppression.html
Normal brain spectra?
follow
/normal-brain-spectra.html
Choice of TR/TE/etc?
follow
/choice-of-trteetc.html
Hunter"s angle?
follow
/hunters-angle.html
Lactate inversion?
follow
/lactate-inversion.html
Metabolite mapping?
follow
/metabolite-mapping.html
Metabolite quantitation?
follow
/metabolite-quantitation.html
Breast MRS?
follow
/breast-mrs.html
Gd effect on MRS?
follow
/gd-effect-on-mrs.html
How-to: prostate MRS?
follow
/how-to-prostate-mrs.html
Prostate spectra?
follow
/prostate-spectra.html
Muscle ¹H-MRS?
follow
/muscle-sup1h-mrs.html
Liver ¹H-MRS?
follow
/liver-sup1h-mrs.html
MRS artifacts?
follow
/mrs-artifacts.html
MRS III - Multi-nuclear >
follow
/mrs-iii---multi-nuclear.html
Other nuclei?
follow
/other-nuclei.html
Why phosphorus?
follow
/why-phosphorus.html
How-to: ³¹P MRS
follow
/how-to-sup3sup1p-mrs.html
Normal ³¹P spectra?
follow
/normal-sup3sup1p-spectra.html
Organ differences?
follow
/organ-differences.html
³¹P measurements?
follow
/sup3sup1p-measurements.html
Decoupling?
follow
/decoupling.html
Carbon MRS?
follow
/carbon-mrs.html
Sodium imaging?
follow
/sodium-imaging.html
Xenon imaging?
follow
/xenon-imaging.html
...New/Advanced Topics
follow
/newadvanced-topics.html
T2 cartilage mapping
follow
/t2-cartilage-mapping.html
MR Elastography?
follow
/mr-elastography.html
Compressed sensing?
follow
/compressed-sensing.html
Synthetic MRI?
follow
/synthetic-mri.html
Amide Proton Transfer?
follow
/amide-proton-transfer.html
MR thermography?
follow
/mr-thermography.html
Electric Properties Imaging?
follow
/electric-properties-imaging.html
Copyright/Legal
follow
/copyrightlegal.html
Copyright Issues
follow
/copyright-issues.html
Legal Disclaimers
follow
/legal-disclaimers.html
Forums/Blogs/Links
follow
/forumsblogslinks.html
What"s New
follow
/whats-new.html
Self-test Quizzes - NEW!
follow
/self-test-quizzes---new.html
Magnets & Scanners Quiz
follow
/magnets--scanners-quiz.html
Safety & Screening Quiz
follow
/safety--screening-quiz.html
NMR Phenomenon Quiz
follow
/nmr-phenomenon-quiz.html
Pulse Sequences Quiz
follow
/pulse-sequences-quiz.html
Making an Image Quiz
follow
/making-an-image-quiz.html
K-space & Rapid Quiz
follow
/k-space--rapid-quiz.html
Contrast & Blood Quiz
follow
/contrast--blood-quiz.html
Cardiovascular & MRA Quiz
follow
/cardiovascular--mra-quiz.html
All Questions & Topics
follow
/complete-list-of-questions.html
follow
http://www.easycounter.com/
Donate
follow
https://donorbox.org/support-the-mriquestions-educational-mission
appropriate credit
follow
/copyright-issues.html
follow
/uploads/3/4/5/7/34572113/7746264_orig.jpg
MRIquestions.com - Home
follow
/
follow
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Questions-and-Answers-in-MRI/1552262288323817
follow
https://www.pinterest.com/MRIquestions/boards/
follow
//twitter.com/MRIQuestions
follow
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoTjouO2V2VigXhKtu-xC3A
Donate
follow
https://donorbox.org/support-the-mriquestions-educational-mission